Abstract BPC-157, TB-500 (and its active fragment Ac-LKKTETQ), and GHK-Cu represent three mechanistically distinct regenerative peptides that, when studied individually,

Abstract Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-4) is a 43-amino-acid, 4.9 kDa actin-sequestering peptide expressed ubiquitously in mammalian tissues. Its primary physiological role

Abstract BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a fragment of human gastric juice protein. It consists

Abstract Tirzepatide is a novel dual-action peptide that activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. This

Abstract Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog peptide engineered to mimic the function of amylin, a hormone normally released alongside

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a 70-amino-acid polypeptide hormone structurally similar to proinsulin, mediates endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling to